Presently, the gold standard for pain control in laboring patients is neuraxial blockade, which
includes a spinal, epidural, or a combined spinal-epidural technique. In conjunction with …

Purpose of Review A majority of surgical practice has involved ambulatory centers with the
number of outpatient operations in the USA doubling to 26.8 million per year. Local …

Psychotropic drugs are used in the treatment of psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions.
Many patients who are on psychotropic medications may present for procedures requiring …

Background and objectives The erector spinae plane (ESP) block is a relatively new
interfascial block technique. Previous cadaveric studies have shown extensive …

Background Interscalene brachial plexus blocks are a common modality used to provide
adjunctive pain relief with shoulder replacement surgery. In 2018, the Federal Drug …

Background and objectives The costoclavicular brachial plexus block is performed deep and
posterior to the midpoint of the clavicle. There are limited data evaluating the spread of the …

Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) is an oft-overlooked and obscure cause of
shoulder pain, which regularly presents to the office of shoulder surgeons and pain …

Background and objectives Studies show variable spread with thoracic erector spinae plane
(ESP) injections. Injection sites vary from lateral end of the transverse process (TP) to 3 cm …

Background: The modern scalp block consists of local anesthesia injections that target the
supraorbital, supratrochlear, zygomaticotemporal, auriculotemporal, and greater and lesser …

There has been a renewed interest in supraclavicular and paravertebral blocks for regional
anesthesia. Studies have shown a high block success rate with the supraclavicular …