Table 3

Comparison of gadolinium concentrations in previous cases of intrathecal use

Study	GBCA used	Subject	Volume used (mL)	Concentration (µmol/g brain)	Induced neurologic complications (Y/N)
This report	Gadoteridol	Human	5	2.3	Yes*
Arlt et al 17	Gadopentetate dimeglumine	Human	20	7†	Yes
Li et al 18	Gadopentetate dimeglumine	Human	15	5.35	Yes
Kapoor et al 19	Gadodiamide	Human	4 and 4	2.86†	Yes
Park et al 20	Gadopentetate dimeglumine	Human	6	2.14†	Yes
Nayak et al 16	Gadopentetate dimeglumine	Human	10	3.57†	Yes
Reeves et al 21	Gadobutrol	Human	2	1.43†	Yes
Popescu et al 12	Gadobutrol	Human	1.5	1.07†	Yes
Zeng et al 50	Gadopentetate dimeglumine (A)	Human	0.2	0.07†	No
			0.5	0.17†	No
			1	0.36†	No
Tali et al 51	Gadopentetate dimeglumine (A)	Human	0.5	0.18†	No
			0.7	0.25†	No
			0.8	0.29†	No
			1	0.36†	No
Tali et al 52 Albayram et al 67 Dillon11 Akbar et al 68 Algin and Turkbey53	Gadopentetate dimeglumine (A,52 53 B67 68 and C11)	Human	0.5	0.18†	No
Toney et al 46	Gadopentetate dimeglumine	Mice	0.01; NA	2.5	No
Ray et al 14	Gadopentetate dimeglumine	Mice	0.01; NA	2.5	No
			0.015; NA	3.3	No
			0.02; NA	5	Yes
			0.04; NA	10	Yes
			0.06; NA	15	Yes
Ray et al 47	Gadodiamide (D)	Mice	NA	1.25	No
			NA	2.5	Yes
			NA	3.75	Yes
			NA	5	Yes
			NA	10	Yes
	Gadodiamide (D)	Mice	NA	2.5‡	No
	Gadodiamide (D)	Mice	NA	10§	No
	Gadodiamide	Mice	NA	10	Yes
	Gadopentetate dimeglumine	Mice	NA	10	Yes

NA indicates not applicable because the volume relates to animal administration not human.
A: Mixed with CSF. B: Mixed with saline. C: Mixed with iohexol. D: Mixed with caldiamide.
Note: Only included publications that provided sufficient information to calculate concentration in µmol gadolinium per gram of brain.
*Complications were lethal.
†Calculated using 1400 g as the average weight of the human brain in order to be consistent with calculations from Arlt et al. 17
‡Delivered over 28 hours.
§Delivered over 112 hours.
GBCA, gadolinium-based contrast agent.