Baseline demographic and clinical variables broken down by 1 month treatment outcome
| Variable | Negative outcome (n=79) | Positive outcome (n=58) | P value |
| Age, years (mean±SD) | 50±12 | 51±16 | 0.87 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 46 (58%) | 32 (55%) | 0.72 |
| Male | 33 (42%) | 26 (45%) | |
| Duration of pain, years (mean±SD) | 6.5±8.2 | 3.7±5.9 | 0.026 |
| Type of epidural steroid injections (n%) | |||
| Transforaminal | 36 (46%) | 33 (58%) | 0.16 |
| Interlaminar | 43 (54%) | 24 (42%) | |
| Opioid use (n%) | |||
| None | 0.41 | ||
| <60 DME | 62 (78%) | 50 (86%) | |
| 61–180 DME | 16 (20%) | 8 (14%) | |
| >180 DME | 1 (1%) | 0 | |
| Active duty (n%) | |||
| None/civilian | 72 (91%) | 50 (86%) | 0.27 |
| Enlisted | 5 (6%) | 3 (5%) | |
| Officer | 2 (3%) | 5 (9%) | |
| Disability, worker’s compensation or medical board* (%) | 28 (36%) | 9 (16%) | 0.012 |
| Coexisting chronic pain condition (%) | 49 (62%) | 31 (53%) | 0.31 |
| Coexisting fibromyalgia (%) | 7 (9%) | 2 (3%) | 0.21 |
| Coexisting psychiatric condition (%) | 43 (54%) | 19 (33%) | 0.012 |
| Baseline average NRS back pain score (mean±SD) | 6.5±2.2 | 5.1±2.3 | <0.001 |
| Baseline worst NRS back pain score (mean±SD) | 8.9±2.0 | 7.6±2.8 | 0.002 |
| Baseline average NRS leg pain score (mean±SD) | 6.3±2.0 | 5.4±1.9 | 0.007 |
| Baseline worst NRS leg pain score (mean±SD) | 8.9±1.5 | 8.1±1.7 | 0.004 |
| Baseline Oswestry Disability Score (mean±SD) | 45±17 | 37±16 | 0.004 |
| Number of immunological HR (mean±SD) | 0.6±1.4 | 0.5±0.9 | 0.52 |
| Number of non-immunological HR (mean±SD) | 1.1±1.5 | 0.4±1.0 | 0.007 |
| Number of total HR (mean±SD) | 1.7±2.5 | 0.9±1.7 | 0.044 |
*Military equivalent of civilian disability.
DME, daily morphine equivalents; HR, hypersensitivity reactions; NRS, numerical rating scale.