Demographic and baseline characteristics
| Overall (n=26) | PNS therapy (n=12) | Placebo control (n=14) | P value | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 46.5 (12.7) | 48.3 (12.3) | 45.0 (13.2) | 0.571 |
| Female, % | 23 | 17 | 29 | 0.652 |
| Time since injury, mean (SD), years | 8.7 (7.3) | 8.2 (7.2) | 9.1 (7.6) | 0.662 |
| Time since amputation, mean (SD), years | 7.0 (6.6) | 6.4 (4.6) | 7.5 (8.1) | 0.877 |
| Level of amputation | 0.021 | |||
| Above knee, % | 58 | 83 | 36 | |
| Below knee, % | 42 | 17 | 64 | |
| Treatment history (% currently in use, % previously in use) | ||||
| Opioid medication | 42, 50 | 42, 50 | 43, 50 | >0.999 |
| Non-opioid medications | 65, 27 | 67, 25 | 64, 29 | >0.999 |
| Surface stimulation | 0, 31 | 0, 33 | 0, 29 | >0.999 |
| Spinal cord stimulation | 0, 0 | 0, 0 | 0, 0 | – |
| Physical therapy | 4, 81 | 0, 83 | 7, 79 | |
| Acupuncture | 0, 8 | 0, 8 | 0, 7 | >0.999 |
| Steroid injection | 0, 15 | 0, 8 | 0, 21 | 0.598 |
| Botulinum toxin injection | 0, 0 | 0, 0 | 0, 0 | – |
| Nerve block | 0, 19 | 0, 17 | 0, 21 | >0.999 |
| Other | 4, 8 | 0, 17 | 7, 0 | 0.337 |
PNS, peripheral nerve stimulation.