Table 1

Potential consequences of different confidence levels

Confidence levelPotential consequences
OverconfidentCommonly misinterpreted by others as marker for adequate competence.
Individual not aware of limits of competence.
Takes more risks with procedures or clinical decisions.
AcceptableIncludes higher and lower limits of acceptable confidence in relation to safe practice.
Individual knows limits of competence.
Has faith in own knowledge and abilities but equally cautious when warranted.
UnderconfidentIndividual reluctant to perform procedures or make decisions, even when competent.
Detrimental effects on ability to learn and progress.