Secondary pain-related and functional-related outcomes
| Continuous infusion group | Single injection group | P value*† | |
| 2 hours postoperatively | |||
| Median rest pain VAS (IQR) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) | 0.65 |
| Median dynamic pain VAS (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 0.86 |
| Postoperative nausea and vomiting, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.7) | 1.00 |
| Pruritus, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | N/A |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 1 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
| Claude-Bernard Horner syndrome, n (%) | 2 (7.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.49 |
| Dysphonia, n (%) | 1 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
| 12 hours postoperatively | |||
| Median rest pain VAS (IQR) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) | 0.68 |
| Median dynamic pain VAS (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (0–3) | 0.44 |
| Postoperative nausea and vomiting, n (%) | 2 (7.4) | 1 (3.7) | 1.00 |
| Pruritus, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | N/A |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 2 (7.4) | 1 (3.7) | 1.00 |
| Claude-Bernard Horner syndrome, n (%) | 6 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.02 |
| Dysphonia, n (%) | 2 (7.4) | 1 (3.7) | 1.00 |
| 24 hours postoperatively | |||
| Median rest pain VAS (IQR) | 2 (0–4) | 1 (1 – 3) | 0.83 |
| Median dynamic pain VAS (IQR) | 3 (2 – 5) | 3 (2 – 4) | 0.85 |
| Postoperative nausea and vomiting, n (%) | 2 (7.4) | 4 (14.8) | 0.67 |
| Pruritus, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.7) | 1.00 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 1 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
| Claude-Bernard Horner syndrome, n (%) | 2 (7.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.49 |
| Dysphonia, n (%) | 3 (11.1) | 2 (7.4) | 1.00 |
| Median active-assisted anterior flexion (IQR), degrees | 40 (30–68) | 45 (35–80) | 0.09 |
| Missing, n | 3 | 1 | |
| Median active-assisted abduction (IQR), degrees | 35 (30–50) | 40 (30–75) | 0.41 |
| Missing, n | 4 | 5 | |
| Median active-assisted external rotation (IQR), degrees | 0 (−25 to 0) | 0 (−10 to 0) | 0.93 |
| Missing, n | 3 | 4 | |
| 36 hours postoperatively | |||
| Median rest pain VAS (IQR) | 1 (1 – 4) | 1 (0–2) | 0.23 |
| Median dynamic pain VAS (IQR) | 3 (2 – 6) | 3 (1 – 4) | 0.13 |
| Postoperative nausea and vomiting, n (%) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (4.5) | 0.35 |
| Pruritus, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.1) | 0.23 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 3 (13.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.23 |
| Claude-Bernard Horner syndrome, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | N/A |
| Dysphonia, n (%) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (4.3) | 1.00 |
| 48 hours postoperatively | |||
| Median rest pain VAS (IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.30 |
| Median dynamic pain VAS (IQR) | 3 (2 – 4) | 2 (2 – 4) | 0.47 |
| Postoperative nausea and vomiting, n (%) | 3 (13.6) | 3 (13.6) | 1.00 |
| Pruritus, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (13.6) | 0.23 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 2 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.49 |
| Claude-Bernard Horner syndrome, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | N/A |
| Dysphonia, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | N/A |
| Median satisfaction VAS (IQR) | 10 (9–10) | 10 (8–10) | 0.58 |
| Median active-assisted anterior flexion (IQR), degrees | 40 (35–70) | 55 (35–80) | 0.36 |
| Missing, n | 9 | 7 | |
| Median active-assisted abduction (IQR), degrees | 35 (30–58) | 40 (30–60) | 0.60 |
| Missing, n | 11 | 11 | |
| Median active-assisted external rotation (IQR), degrees | 0 (−20 to 0) | 0 (−10 to 0) | 0.75 |
| Missing, n | 8 | 9 |
*p value compares continuous infusion versus single injection.
†Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test used to compare medians and Fischer’s exact test used to compare proportions.
VAS, Visual Analog Scale.