Table 1

Included study characteristics

StudyLocationStudy fundingStudy design#Study groups #Mean/median ageWaveformMax follow-up
RCT
Al-Kaisy et al 40 2022UKAbbottDouble-blind cross-over RCT4322—anatomic placement
21—paresthesia placement		51.6 (12.1)Burst SCS12M (n=39)
De Andres et al 50 2017SpainNo funding receivedBlinded RCT6026—HF- SCS
29—SCS		51.6 (9.3)
53.8 (11.46)		LH 40 Hz
HF 10 kHz		12M (n=55)
Eldabe et al 55 2010Europe, Canada, Australia, and IsraelMedtronicMulticenter RCT10048—CMM
52—SCS+CMM		50.4 (10.4)Mean 49 Hz6M (n=94)
Hara et al 22 2022NetherlandsFunded (Non-Industry)Quadruple-blinded cross-over RCT5047—Implanted52.2 (9.9)Burst SCS3M
Kapural et al 202161 USANevro Corp.Multicenter RCT15976—CMM alone
67—CMM to SCS
69—implanted		58.5 (26-77)
53 (29–87)		HF 10 kHz12M (n=66)
Crossover at 6M (n=55)
Kumar et al 63 2007Europe, Canada, Australia, and IsraelMedtronic Inc.Multicenter RCT10048—CMM
52—SCS		52 (10.7)
48.9 (10)		Mean 49 Hz12M (n=88)
Rigoard et al 69 2019Europe, Colombia, UK, North AmericaMedtronic Inc.Multicenter RCT218108—CMM
110—CMM+SCS		53.9 (11.5)Not Specified24M (n=154)
Non-RCT
Al-Kaisy et al 41 2014UK and BelgiumNevro Corp.Prospective, multicenter, single-arm study8272—implanted50.8 (9.2)10 kHz24M (n=65)
Barolat et al 42 2001USANot reportedProspective, multicenter, single-arm study4444—implanted48.8 (9.9)Not Specified12M (n=15)
Benyamin et al 43 2020North AmericaMedtronic Inc.Prospective, multicenter, single-arm study4432—implanted56 (11.9)Variety3M (n=29)
Bolash et al 44 2022USAStimwave TechnologiesProspective, single cohort study4949—implanted59.9 (11)LF,
HF 10 kHz		6M (n=39)
Bondoc et al 45 2022USANo funding receivedRetrospective analysis189154—under 65 years
35–65 years or older		53.6Not Specified12M (n=189)
Brooker et al 46 2021AustraliaSaluda MedicalProspective, multicenter, single-arm study7050—implanted56.7 (12.2)Closed loop SCS24M (n=38)
Burchiel et al 47 1995USAMedtronic Inc.Prospective, single-arm study7957—implanted51.6 (14.1)Not Specified3M (n=45)
Campwala et al 48 2021USANo funding receivedRetrospective analysis13482—Spine surgery
52—no spine surgery		56.2 (11.7)
51.4 (11.6)		Variety12M
Costantini et al 49 2010EuropeMedtronic EuropeRetrospective analysis6969—implanted70 (10.1)Not SpecifiedMedian=24M
De Jaeger et al 51 2019BelgiumMedtronic EuropeProspective, multicenter, single-arm study8181—implanted54.6 (10.1)500 Hz3M (n=81)
Delmotte et al 52 2015France and CanadaNot reportedRetrospective subgroup analysis7221—optimized lead positioning
51—non-optimized		52.1 (8.7)90 Hz6M (n=71)
DiBenedetto et al 53 2018USANevro Corp.Retrospective, matched sample, cohort study9664—CMM
32—SCS+CMM		55.2 (14.7)
56 (10)		10 kHz12M (n=96)
Do et al 54 2021BelgiumNo funding receivedRetrospective analysis208183—implanted52Variety24M
Goudman et al 56 2021Belgium and FranceMedtronic EuropeProspective, multicenter, single-arm study185139—implanted54 (12.01)450–500 Hz12M (n=92)
Harman et al 57 2020TurkeyNot reportedRetrospective analysis1916—implanted50 (35–80)Not SpecifiedMean 18.3M (SD 3.9)
Jonsson et al 58 2020SwedenMedtronic Inc.Retrospective, database, cohort study73 76573,765—Spine surgery
239— SCS+Spine Surgery		55.1 (17)
47.4 (12)		Not SpecifiedAt least 2Y
Kallewaard et al 59 2021NetherlandsNevro Corp.Prospective, uncontrolled, open-label study6858—implanted52.6 (11.3)10 kHz12M (n=50)
Kamieniak et al 60 2019PolandNot reportedProspective, controlled study4824—controls
17—implanted		56.7 (10.48)
55.9 (11.6)		40–80 Hz3M (n=12)
Kinfe et al 62 2014GermanyNot reportedProspective, nonrandomized study10050—paddle leads
50—cylindrical lead		56.3 (11.5)30–130 Hz6M
Mehta et al 64 2022UKMedtronic Inc.Prospective, open-label, single-arm study2019—implantedNot reported500 Hz12M (n=16)
Mosiewicz et al 65 2015PolandNot reportedProspective, single-arm study3636—implanted59.6 (9.4)Not Specified6M (n=36)
Mullins et al 66 2022CanadaNo funding receivedRetrospective analysis2525—implanted58.2 (SEM: 55.8–60.7)Not Specified6M (n=23)
Paul et al 67 2017USANot reportedRetrospective analysis4835—successful SCS
13—failed SCS		51.4 (11.9)
57.2 (13.2)		Not Specified6M (n=48)
Perez et al 68 2021SpainBoston Scientific IbericaProspective, multicenter, observational study8546—CMM
39—SCS		60.8 (SE 1.8)
53 (SE 1.8)		Variety24M (n=54)
Slavin et al 70 1999USANot reportedProspective, single-arm study1010—implanted49 (7)Not Specified1M (n=10)
Spincemaille et al 71 2004NetherlandsMedtronic NetherlandsProspective, single-arm study135105—implanted52.5 (9.5)Not Specified12M (n=96)
Van Buyten et al 72 2013Belgium and UKNevro Corp.Prospective, multicenter, single-arm study8372—implanted50.4 (9.5)10 kHz6M (n=72)
Van Heteren et al 73 2022NetherlandsMedtronic funded RCTSubanalysis of prior RCT10065—SCS+PNFS
25—SCS only		50.4 (10.7)
53.1 (11.6)		Not Specified12M (n=75)
Zucco et al 74 2015ItalyMedtronic ItalyObservational, multicenter, ambispective study8072—implanted58 (13)No Not Specified24M (n=55)

  • CMM, conventional medical management; HF-SCS, high frequency SCS; Hz, hertz; LF-SCS, Low Frequency SCS; M, months; PNFS, peripheral nerve field stimulation; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SCS, spinal cord stimulation; SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error of the mean; Y, years.