Characteristics of participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2018, by prescription opioid use exposure
| Rx opioid use in past 30 days? | |||
| No (n=10,340) | Yes (n=588) | P value | |
| Represented no. of adults in the USA | 103 455 987 | 6 126 104 | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 18–25 | 1788 (17.0%) | 44 (7.6%) | <0.001 |
| 26–40 | 4074 (37.3%) | 185 (28.5%) | |
| 41–59 | 4478 (45.7%) | 359 (63.9%) | |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 4962 (48.0%) | 337 (55.4%) | <0.001 |
| Male | 5378 (52.0%) | 251 (44.6%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic | 2510 (15.4%) | 86 (8.2%) | <0.001 |
| White | 4196 (65.9%) | 335 (75.5%) | |
| Black | 2188 (11.0%) | 121 (10.2%) | |
| Other | 1446 (7.7%) | 46 (6.1%) | |
| Education beyond high school | 6479 (68.5%) | 319 (60.0%) | <0.001 |
| Family income-to-poverty ratio | |||
| ≤1 | 2116 (13.8%) | 186 (20.7%) | <0.001 |
| 1–3 | 4029 (32.9%) | 238 (37.3%) | |
| >3 | 4195 (52.3%) | 164 (42.0%) | |
| Health insurance | 7615 (80.2%) | 470 (84.1%) | 0.018 |
| Self-rated health status | |||
| Poor or fair | 1734 (12.6%) | 255 (36.9%) | <0.001 |
| Good, very good, or excellent | 8606 (87.4%) | 333 (63.1%) | |
| Hypertension | 2260 (21.2%) | 246 (37.6%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 618 (5.0%) | 74 (9.1%) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | |||
| <25 | 3230 (31.5%) | 144 (25.7%) | <0.001 |
| 25–30 | 3247 (32.0%) | 152 (29.5%) | |
| ≥30 | 3863 (36.5%) | 292 (44.8%) | |
| Coronary artery disease | 82 (0.8%) | 15 (1.9%) | 0.006 |
| Heart failure | 86 (0.6%) | 16 (1.5%) | 0.006 |
| Stroke | 113 (0.9%) | 28 (3.1%) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 1623 (15.4%) | 156 (24.2%) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 508 (4.8%) | 109 (15.5%) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 355 (4.7%) | 72 (13.2%) | <0.001 |
| Arthritis | 1324 (13.7%) | 293 (50.5%) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 820 (6.9%) | 150 (22.2%) | <0.001 |
| Smoker | 2596 (22.2%) | 263 (42.2%) | <0.001 |
| Heavy alcohol use | 2760 (25.5%) | 156 (23.8%) | 0.359 |
| Any illicit substance use | 1989 (20.9%) | 223 (37.1%) | <0.001 |
| Survey cycle | |||
| 2009–2010 | 2235 (18.8%) | 150 (21.5%) | 0.004 |
| 2011–2012 | 1992 (19.8%) | 133 (23.5%) | |
| 2013–2014 | 2190 (20.2%) | 125 (21.4%) | |
| 2015–2016 | 2034 (20.2%) | 89 (14.8%) | |
| 2017–2018 | 1889 (21.0%) | 91 (18.8%) | |
Opioid use is defined by self-reported use of at least one prescription opioid-containing medication in the past 30 days.
All proportions displayed are weighted to represent the non-institutionalized population of the continental USA. Survey weights are adjusted by the number of years of data included in analysis.
BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.