Patientcharacteristics by opioid exposure status in the year before surgery
| Opioid-naïve participants | Opioid-exposed participants | Overall | P value | |
| Sample size, n | 19,201 | 6800 | 26,001 | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Mean age (SD) in years | 53.9 (16.6) | 53.6 (15.9) | 53.8 (16.4) | 0.11 |
| Age categories in years, n (%) | ||||
| 18–29 | 1753 (9) | 548 (8) | 2301 (9) | <0.001 |
| 30–39 | 2397 (12) | 931 (14) | 3328 (13) | |
| 40–49 | 3274 (17) | 1275 (19) | 4549 (17) | |
| 50–59 | 3977 (21) | 1346 (20) | 5323 (20) | |
| 60–64 | 2203 (11) | 787 (12) | 2990 (11) | |
| ≥65 | 5597 (29) | 1913 (28) | 7510 (29) | |
| Sex, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 10,506 (55) | 4270 (63) | 14,776 (57) | |
| Male | 8695 (45) | 2530 (37) | 11,225 (43) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | 15,885 (83) | 5682 (84) | 21,567 (83) | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1452 (8) | 614 (9) | 2066 (8) | |
| Hispanic | 510 (3) | 188 (3) | 698 (3) | |
| Other/unknown | 1354 (7) | 316 (5) | 1670 (6) | |
| Insurance type, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Private | 10,273 (54) | 3016 (44) | 13,289 (51) | |
| Medicare | 5442 (28) | 2084 (31) | 7526 (29) | |
| Medicaid | 2594 (14) | 1401 (21) | 3995 (15) | |
| Medicare and Medicaid | 268 (1) | 169 (2) | 437 (2) | |
| Other | 624 (3) | 130 (2) | 754 (3) | |
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| ASA classification, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 1986 (10) | 354 (5) | 2340 (9) | |
| 2 | 11 251 (59) | 3552 (52) | 14 803 (57) | |
| 3 | 5660 (29) | 2728 (40) | 8388 (32) | |
| 4 or 5 | 287 (1) | 159 (2) | 446 (2) | |
| Unknown | 17 (<1) | 7 (<1) | 24 (<1) | |
| Body mass index, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <25 | 3803 (20) | 1222 (18) | 5025 (19) | |
| 25 to <30 | 6229 (32) | 1933 (28) | 8162 (31) | |
| 30 to <35 | 4692 (24) | 1692 (25) | 6384 (25) | |
| ≥35 | 4427 (23) | 1942 (29) | 6369 (24) | |
| Unknown | 50 (<1) | 11 (<1) | 61 (<1) | |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | 3504 (18) | 1678 (25) | 5182 (20) | <0.001 |
| Ascites, n (%) | 44 (<1) | 18 (<1) | 62 (<1) | 0.61 |
| Bleeding disorder, n (%) | 140 (1) | 71 (1) | 211 (1) | 0.01 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 48 (<1) | 22 (<1) | 70 (<1) | 0.31 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 726 (4) | 360 (5) | 1086 (4) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 649 (3) | 466 (7) | 1115 (4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2111 (11) | 906 (13) | 3017 (12) | <0.001 |
| Dialysis use, n (%) | 41 (<1) | 33 (<1) | 74 (<1) | <0.001 |
| Deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolus, n (%) | 175 (1) | 133 (2) | 308 (1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 7079 (37) | 3005 (44) | 10 084 (39) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 1038 (5) | 418 (6) | 1456 (6) | 0.02 |
| Functional status, n (%) | 19 064 (99) | 6755 (99) | 25 819 (99) | 0.66 |
| Sleep apnea, n (%) | 3971 (21) | 1764 (26) | 5735 (22) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia, n (%) | 7 (<1) | 6 (<1) | 13 (<1) | 0.13 |
| Immunosuppressed, n (%) | 316 (2) | 227 (3) | 543 (2) | <0.001 |
| Recent weight loss, n (%) | 42 (<1) | 22 (<1) | 64 (<1) | 0.13 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 74 (<1) | 65 (1) | 139 (1) | <0.001 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Procedure type, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Abdominal hernia | 859 (4) | 445 (7) | 1304 (5) | |
| Laparoscopic appendectomy | 2282 (12) | 498 (7) | 2780 (11) | |
| Laparoscopic cholecystectomy | 5649 (29) | 2188 (32) | 7837 (30) | |
| Laparoscopic colectomy | 886 (5) | 328 (5) | 1214 (5) | |
| Laparoscopic hysterectomy | 1742 (9) | 765 (11) | 2507 (10) | |
| Minor hernia | 5830 (30) | 1814 (27) | 7644 (29) | |
| Open colectomy | 480 (2) | 184 (3) | 664 (3) | |
| Total abdominal hysterectomy | 570 (3) | 231 (3) | 801 (3) | |
| Vaginal hysterectomy | 903 (5) | 347 (5) | 1250 (5) | |
| Surgical priority, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Elective | 14 168 (74) | 5393 (79) | 19 561 (75) | |
| Emergent/Urgent | 5033 (26) | 1407 (21) | 6440 (25) | |
| Length of stay, n (%) | 0.33 | |||
| 0 | 9803 (51) | 3409 (50) | 13 212 (51) | |
| 1 | 4419 (23) | 1554 (23) | 5973 (23) | |
| 2 | 2005 (10) | 734 (11) | 2739 (11) | |
| 3 | 1147 (6) | 453 (7) | 1600 (6) | |
| 4 | 707 (4) | 261 (4) | 968 (4) | |
| ≥5 | 1120 (6) | 389 (6) | 1509 (6) | |
Opioid-naïve participants did not fill an opioid prescription in the year before surgery. Opioid exposed participants filled at least one opioid prescription in the year before surgery.
χ2 statistical test used for all tests with exception of mean age (t-test).
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.