Factors associated with primary outcome (change in average NRS primary location pain score) for therapeutic LBP procedures
| Variable | Unadjusted coefficient (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted coefficient, full model (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted coefficient, simplified model (95% CI) | P value |
| Age, years | −0.030 (−0.051 to −0.009) | 0.006 | −0.021 (−0.043 to 0.00047) | 0.055 | ||
| Duration of pain, years | 0.034 (−0.010 to 0.079) | 0.13 | 0.026 (-0.018 to 0.070) | 0.25 | ||
| Obesity | 0.53 (−0.07 to 1.13) | 0.084 | 0.56 (−0.034 to 1.15) | 0.065 | 0.62 (0.038 to 1.21) | 0.037 |
| Smoking | 0.64 (−0.091 to 1.37) | 0.086 | 0.45 (−0.29 to 1.19) | 0.24 | ||
| Any daily opioid use | 0.32 (−0.29 to 0.93) | 0.30 | 0.39 (−0.24 to 1.02) | 0.22 | ||
| Athens Insomnia Scale (mean±SD) | 0.067 (0.013 to 0.12) | 0.015 | 0.0072 (−0.071 to 0.086) | 0.86 | ||
| Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (mean±SD) | 0.060 (0.023 to 0.098) | 0.002 | 0.044 (−0.012 to 0.099) | 0.12 | 0.076 (0.039 to 0.113) | <0.0001 |
| Non-organic signs, number | 0.19 (-0.059 to 0.45) | 0.131 | 0.06 (−0.23 to 0.35) | 0.68 | ||
| Oswestry Disability Score (mean±SD) | 0.014 (−0.0040 to 0.032) | 0.13 | 0.0016 (−0.0074 to 0.039) | 0.18 | ||
| Average baseline NRS primary pain location score | −0.23 (−0.39 to −0.072) | 0.004 | −0.39 (−0.57 to -0.20) | <0.0001 | −0.32 (−0.48 to −0.16) | <0.0001 |
*Coefficients are reported as change in NRS pain score with presence (for categorical variables) or each single unit increase (for continuous variables) in the specified variable, with negative coefficients being associated with improved pain reduction.
LBP, low back pain; NRS, numerical rating scale.