Secondary patient outcomes before and during COVID-19
| Pre-COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | P value | |
| LOS in hospital, median (IQR)* | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | <0.001 |
| LOS>3 days, n (%)* | 4911 (12.7) | 1737 (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Post-op ICU admission, n (%)* | 1063 (2.7) | 422 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| LOS in ICU, median (IQR)* | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 0.860 |
| Post-op mechanical ventilation, n (%)* | 155 (0.4) | 51 (0.4) | 0.803 |
| Discharge disposition, n (%)* | <0.001 | ||
| Facility | 6056 (15.6) | 1487 (12.1) | |
| Home | 32 670 (84.3) | 10 750 (87.8) | |
| In-hospital mortality | 15 (0) | 8 (0.1) | 0.227 |
| Composite complication, n (%)*† | 1858 (4.8) | 671 (5.5) | 0.002 |
| Patient cost, median (IQR)*‡ | 16 686 (13 237, 23 181) | 18 441 (13 655, 27 040) | <0.001 |
*For secondary outcomes, continuous outcomes (LOS in hospital, LOS in ICU, and patient cost) were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and binary outcomes (LOS>3 days, post-op ICU admission, post-op mechanical ventilation use, in-hospital mortality, and composite complication) were compared using χ2 tests.
†Composite complication includes acute renal failure, acute myocardial infarction, other cardiovascular complications, delirium, deep vein thrombosis, sepsis, fall, hemorrhage/hematoma, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary complications, pneumonia infection, wound, and central nervous system complications.
‡Cost was adjusted for inflation (2020 US dollars).
ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay.