Table 8

Modalities used to treat opioid withdrawal symptoms

Withdrawal symptomsManagement strategies
Anxiety/Restlessnessα2-Adrenergic agonists (eg, clonidine)

  • Relaxation, stress reduction strategies

InsomniaSleep aids (eg, trazodone, melatonin, hydroxyzine)

  • Relaxation strategies

Musculoskeletal pain

  • Acetaminophen

  • Ibuprofen

Gastrointestinal distress (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)Oral hydration and electrolyte replenishment

  • Hycosamine

  • Antiemetics (eg, ondansetron)

  • Antidiarrheals (eg, loperamide)