Table 1

Studies reporting prevalence of chronic pain in spinal cord injury (SCI)

Study	Study design	SCI cohort	Total number	Male sex	Mean age	Level of injury		Complete injury	All pain	Pain category				Years since injury
						Cervical	Lumbar–thoracic			Nociceptive		NP	Other pain
						Cervical	Lumbar–thoracic			MSK	Visceral	NP	Other pain
Adriaansen et al 19	CS	Mixed	139	88	44	41	80	70	121	121	–	121	–	5.0
Adriaansen et al 20	CS	Mixed	282	209	48	116	166	195	179	179	–	96	–	22.0
Andresen et al 21	CS	Trauma	537	413	55	274	263	193	392	–	–	234	–	18.2
Barrett et al 22	PC	Mixed	88	74	48	53	35		66	38	13	31	–	16.7
Cragg et al 23	CS	Mixed	1493	1003	50	633	859	662	937	–	–	937	–	18.4
Craig et al 24	CS	Mixed	70	63	47	21	49	32	65	–	–	–	–	17.4
Cruz-Almeida et al 25	CS	Trauma	123	96	40	65	57	38	75	75	–	–	–	8.5
Cudeiro-Blanco et al 26	CS	Mixed	253	163	–	93	157	134	169	–	–	–	–	–
Figoni and Chen27	CS	Mixed	178	167	64	59	49	24	85	–	–	–	–	12.0
Finnerup et al 28	CS	Mixed	330	230	43	113	217	158	255	–	75	255	–	9.3
Finnerup et al 29	CS	Mixed	193	133	47	66	127	–	107	–	66	–	–	22.0
Finnerup et al 30	PC	Trauma	81	71	52	45	34	24	61	53	2	40	–	3.5
Gironda et al 31	CS	Mixed	669	657	51	0	669	363	345	188	–	–	–	20.3
Grabher et al 32	PC	Trauma	14	13	46	8	6	5	6	–	–	6	–	1.0
Hogholen et al 33	CS	Mixed*	105	66	53	40	57	38	99	–	–	–	–	19.0
Jain et al 34	CS	Mixed*	93	87	54	12	29	–	65	–	–	–	–	–
Jensen et al 35	CS	Mixed*	147	110	49	74	73	–	117	–	–	–	–	16.6
Jorgensen et al 36	CS	Mixed	123	87	63	22	101	38	105	–	–	81	76	24.0
Kentar et al 37	CS	Trauma	451	322	49	0	451	294	365	365	–	–	–	20.9
Khazaeipour et al 38	CS	Trauma	140	101	29	47	93	60	70	–	–	–	–	3.9
Kogos et al 39	CS	Trauma	261	196	28	117	144	156	129	–	63	–	–	11.0
Lamid et al 40	CS	Mixed*	64	63	–	31	33	–	28	–	–	–	–	–
Michailidou et al 41	CS	Mixed	219	136	50	–	–	0	96	96	–	–	–	12.0
Modirian et al 42	CS	Trauma	1295	1276	36	120	1175	1163	840	–	–		–	13.9
New43	CS	Mixed	150	100	50	62	88	–	68	–	–	–	–	10.0
Nielsen et al 44	CS	Mixed*	125	94	56	–	–	–	41	–	41	–	–	30.5
Rintala et al 45	CS	Mixed*	348	345	55	112	228	–	265	–	–	–	–	17.5
Sauri et al 46	CS	Mixed	831	597	50	272	559	400	381	–	–	–	–	12.7
Siddall et al 47	CS	Trauma	73	60	40	36	37	28	59	43	4	55	–	5.0
Singh et al 48	CS	Trauma	50	36	38	–	–	12	21	–	–	21	–	–
Stormer et al 49	CS	Mixed	901	667	42	378	523	–	591	–	–	–	–	–
Tibbett et al 50	CS	Trauma	20	17	40	5	15	11	19	–	–	–	–	–
Turner et al 51	CS	Mixed*	384	283	43	196	188	143	315	–	–	–	–	12.2
Vogel et al 52	CS	Mixed*	216	150	29	123	93	–	149	–	–	–	–	–
Warms et al 53 v1	CS	Mixed*	388	–	–	154	145	–	308	–	–	–	–	–
Warms v2	–	–	215	–	–	85	76	–	163	–	–	–	–	–
Wen et al 54	PC	Trauma	23	10	54	3	20	5	23	6	–	19	–	3.5
Wollaars et al 55	CS	Mixed	279	176	51	113	152	115	215	141	67	155	80	11.8
Total	–	–	11 351	8359	47 (mean)	3589	7048	4361	7395	1305	331	2051	156	14 (mean)

*SCI cohort type not specified (traumatic versus non-traumatic).
CS, cross-sectional; MSK, musculoskeletal; NP, neuropathic; PC, prospective cohort.