Table 3

Secondary endpoint results

OutcomeStudies includedESPB, mean (SD) or n/NControl, mean (SD) or n/NMean difference or OR
(95% CI)		P value for statistical significanceP value for heterogeneityI2 Test for heterogeneityQuality of evidence (GRADE)
Rest pain at 1 hour (PACU) (cm)111.72 (1.61)2.78 (1.75)−1.17 (-1.68 to -0.66)<0.00001 (Pc=0.005)<0.0000183%⊕⊕⊕⊝
Rest pain at 6 hours (cm)111.67 (1.47)2.76 (2.11)−1.17 (-1.67 to -0.66)<0.00001 (Pc=0.006)<0.0000182%⊕⊕⊕⊝
Rest pain at 12 hours (cm)91.62 (1.61)2.39 (2.00)−0.85 (-1.53 to -0.16)0.02 (Pc=0.010)<0.0000189%⊕⊕⊕⊝
Rest pain at 24 hours (cm)111.42 (1.43)2.11 (1.75)−0.72 (-1.15 to -0.28)0.001 (Pc=0.006)<0.0000188%⊕⊕⊕⊝
Rest pain at 36 hours (cm)*N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Rest pain at 48 hours (cm)22.88 (1.51)3.94 (1.33)−1.40 (-2.97 to 0.17)0.08 (Pc=0.012)<0.0000195%⊕⊕⊝⊝
Oral morphine consumption at 2 hours (PACU) (mg)42.82 (2.76)4.51 (4.13)−1.54 (-3.53 to 0.45)0.13 (Pc=0.025)<0.000186%⊕⊕⊕⊝
Oral morphine consumption at 24 to 48 hours (mg)*N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Time to analgesic request (hours)223.80 (35.23)2.76 (5.44)21.19 (-20.72 to 63.10)0.32 (Pc=0.050)<0.0000196%⊕⊕⊝⊝
Opioid related side effects1144/31484/3130.43 (0.28 to 0.66)0.0002 (Pc=0.007)0.730%⊕⊕⊕⊕
Block-related complications80/213N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Patient satisfaction36.75 (1.27)5.10 (1.29)1.15 (-0.40 to 2.71)0.15 (Pc=0.016)<0.0000196%⊕⊕⊕⊝
Hospital discharge*N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Persistent postsurgical pain*N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Opioid dependence*N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Health related quality of life*N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A

  • ⊕⊕⊕⊕, high quality evidence; ⊕⊕⊕⊝, moderate quality evidence; ⊕⊕⊝⊝, low quality evidence, ⊕⊝⊝⊝, very low-quality evidence.

  • *Outcome reported by less than three studies or was not measured.

  • cm, centimeter; ESPB, erector spinae plane block; GRADE, Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation; mg, milligrams; N/A, not applicable; PACU, post-anesthesia care unit; ; Pc, corrected threshold of statistical significance.