Characteristics of patients enrolled in the TPS and patients in no TPS undergoing the same major joint procedures during the year prior
| Variables | No TPS | TPS | P value |
| n=172 | n=164 | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 65.7 (9.9) | 64.2 (12.0) | 0.21 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 159 (92.4) | 145 (88.4) | 0.21 |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 31.0 (28–35) | 31.6 (29–35) | 0.39 |
| History of mental health disorders, n (%) | 81 (47.1) | 79 (48.2) | 0.84 |
| History of substance use disorders, n (%) | 25 (14.5) | 22 (13.4) | 0.77 |
| Surgical procedure, n (%) | 0.38 | ||
| Rotator cuff repair | 40 (23.3) | 33 (20.1) | |
| Total hip arthroplasty | 46 (26.7) | 34 (20.7) | |
| Total knee arthroplasty | 66 (38.4) | 72 (43.9) | |
| Total shoulder arthroplasty | 20 (11.6) | 25 (15.2) | |
| Hospital length of stay, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1–2) | 2.0 (1–2) | 0.58 |
| Opioid use history | |||
| COU, n (%) | 53 (30.8) | 37 (22.6) | 0.09 |
| Preop MEDD, mean (SD) | 15.4 (35.8) | 10.3 (31.2) | 0.07 |
BMI, body mass index; COU, chronic opioid use; MEDD, morphine equivalent daily dose; TPS, transitional pain service.