Table 3

Secondary outcome results

Outcome	Number of included studies	Cannabinoid mean (SD) or n/N	Control mean (SD) or n/N	Mean difference or OR (95% CI)	P value for statistical significance	P value for heterogeneity	I ² test for heterogeneity	Quality of evidence (GRADE)
Randomized trials*
Rest pain at 1 hour (PACU) (cm)	7	3.14 (3.04)	2.96 (3.06)	0.17 (-0.60 to 0.94)	0.67	<0.00001	86%	⊕⊕⊕⊝
Rest pain at 6 hours (cm)	6	3.91 (2.83)	3.84 (2.79)	0.11 (-0.77 to 0.99)	0.81	<0.00001	89%	⊕⊕⊕⊝
Rest pain at 12 hours (cm)	3	3.62 (2.54)	2.79 (2.49)	0.83 (0.04 to 1.63)	0.04	0.03	71%	⊕⊕⊕⊝
Oral morphine consumption at 2 hours (PACU) (mg)	3	18.36 (24.33)	17.83 (18.46)	1.12 (-4.71 to 6.94)	0.71	<0.0001	91%	⊕⊕⊕⊝
Oral morphine consumption at 24–48 hours (mg)†	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Quality of recovery†	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Patient satisfaction (cm)†	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Opioid-related side effects†	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cannabinoid-related side effects‡
Blurred vision	3	6/244	6/241	0.97 (0.31 to 3.04)	0.95	0.70	0%	⊕⊕⊕⊕
Change in mood	3	9/232	6/204	1.51 (0.45 to 5.09)	0.51	0.90	0%	⊕⊕⊕⊕
Dizziness	5	64/354	38/356	1.63 (0.33 to 8.15)	0.55	0.0001	83%	⊕⊕⊕⊝
Drowsiness	4	71/284	63/257	1.61 (0.40 to 6.48)	0.50	0.02	68%	⊕⊕⊕⊝
Dry mouth	3	49/232	49/204	0.87 (0.52 to 1.44)	0.58	0.38	0%	⊕⊕⊕⊕
Hallucinations	4	4/284	2/257	1.06 (0.19 to 5.99)	0.95	0.60	0%	⊕⊕⊕⊕
Headaches	4	33/294	40/266	0.73 (0.42 to 1.26)	0.25	0.88	0%	⊕⊕⊕⊕
Hypotension	4	28/322	12/346	3.24 (1.12 to 9.36)	0.03	0.18	41%	⊕⊕⊕⊕
Nausea	6	47/271	49/277	1.03 (0.51 to 2.04)	0.94	0.08	49%	⊕⊕⊕⊕

⊕⊕⊕⊕, high quality evidence; ⊕⊕⊕⊝, moderate quality evidence; ⊕⊕⊝⊝, low quality evidence, ⊕⊝⊝⊝, very low-quality evidence.
*Less than three observational studies assessed secondary outcomes and their results are not shown.
†Outcome reported by less than three studies or was not measured.
‡Full list of reported cannabinoid related side effects can be viewed in table 4.