Table 2

Details of cannabinoid and analgesic regimens used in included studies

Author/year	Surgery	Preincisional analgesia	Surgical analgesia	Supplemental postoperative analgesia	Cannabinoid characteristics
					Compound	Dose and route of administration	Timing of administration
					Compound	Dose and route of administration	Preoperative regimen	Postoperative regimen
Randomized trials
Jain et al (1981)29	Acute fracture or trauma	N/S	N/S	N/S	Levonantradol	Dose range 1.5 to 3 mg IM; started with lower dose and escalating for subsequent patients	1 dose (time N/S)	N/A
Guillaud et al (1983)14	Renal surgery	N/S	N/S	Noramidopyrine, Camylofine	Levonantradol	1 mg or 2 mg IM	N/A	1 dose when fully awake in recovery room
Buggy et al (2003)13	Elective abdominal hysterectomy	N/S	0.1–0.2 mg/kg Morphine	Morphine PCA	−9-Tetrahydrocannabinol	5 mg PO capsule	N/A	1 dose on postoperative day 2
Beaulieu (2006)26	Various major surgeries*	N/S	2mcg/kg Fentanyl	Morphine PCA	Nabilone	1 mg or 2 mg PO capsule	1 dose 1 hour prior to GA induction	1 dose q8h for 24 hours
Seeling et al (200634	Radical prostatectomy	N/S	0.2–0.3 mg Fentanyl; Remifentanil infusion	Piritramide PCA	−9-Tetrahydrocannabinol	5 mg PO capsule	1 dose evening before surgery	7 doses (time N/S) until 48 hours postoperative period
Ostenfeld et al (2011)33	Dental extraction	None	None	500 mg Paracetamol, 15 mg Codeine phosphate	GW842166 (Cannabinoid Receptor-2 Agonist)	100 mg or 800 mg PO capsule	1 dose 1 hour prior to surgery	N/A
Kalliomaki et al (2013)31	Dental extraction	N/S	N/S	1000 mg Acetaminophen	AZD1940 (Cannabinoid Receptor-1 and 2 Agonist)	800mcg PO liquid	1 dose 1.5 hours prior to surgery	N/A
Levin et al (2017)32	Various elective surgeries	N/S	N/S	N/S	Nabilone	0.5 mg PO capsule	1 dose (N/S time) prior to GA induction	N/A
Qualitative trials
Holdcroft et al (2006)28	Various major surgeries*	N/S	N/S	Morphine PCA	−9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol extract	Dose range 5 to 15 mg PO capsule; started with lower dose and escalating for subsequent patients	N/A	1 dose after stopping PCA in post-operative period
Hickernell et al (2018)27	Total joint arthroplasty	N/S	N/S	10 mg Oxycodone q12h×3 doses, 975 mg Acetaminophen q8h, 30 mg or 15 mg Ketorolac q6h×4 doses, 200 mg Gabapentin two times a day, 200 mg Celecoxib q12h	Dronabinol	5 mg PO capsule	N/A	2 doses daily until day of discharge
Liu et al (2018)35	Major orthopedic surgery	N/S	N/S	N/S	Nabilone; Cannabis; Cannabinoid oil	N/S dose; PO capsule/ inhaled/ oils	Chronic user	N/S
Jennings et al (2019)30	Total knee arthroplasty	N/S	N/S	N/S	Cannabis	N/S dose; PO capsule/ inhaled	Chronic user	N/S

*Major surgeries included orthopedic, gynecologic, urology, plastics, and general.
GA, general anesthesia; IM, intramuscular; N/A, not applicable; N/S, not specified; PCA, patient-controlled analgesia; PO, per oral; q, every.