Study characteristics and outcomes of interest assessed in included studies
| Author/ year | Surgery | N | Groups (n) | Primary outcome | Rest pain scores | Dynamic pain scores | Opioid consumption | Opioid related adverse events | Quality of recovery | Patient satisfaction | |||
| Early | Late | Early | Late | Early | Late | ||||||||
| Randomized trials | |||||||||||||
| Jain et al (1981)29 | Acute fracture or trauma | 56 |
| N/S | |||||||||
| Guillaud et al (1983)14 | Renal surgery | 100 |
| N/S | |||||||||
| Buggy et al (2003)13 | Elective abdominal hysterectomy | 20 |
| Pain Scores | |||||||||
| Beaulieu et al (2006)26 | Various major surgeries* | 41 |
| Opioid consumption at 24 hours | |||||||||
| Seeling et al (2006)34 | Radical prostatectomy | 105 |
| N/S | |||||||||
| Ostenfeld et al (2011)33 | Dental extraction | 112 |
| Pain scores at 8 hours | |||||||||
| Kalliomäki et al (2013)31 | Dental extraction | 150 |
| Area under the curve pain scores | |||||||||
| Levin et al (2017)32 | Various elective surgeries | 340 |
| Nausea/ vomiting | |||||||||
| Qualitative trials | |||||||||||||
| Holdcroft et al (2006)28 | Various major surgeries* | 65 |
| N/S | |||||||||
| Hickernell et al (2018)27 | Total joint arthroplasty | 259 |
| Nausea/ vomiting | |||||||||
| Liu et al (2018)35 | Major orthopedic surgery | 3793 |
| Pain scores and analgesic consumption at 24 hours | |||||||||
| Jennings et al (2019)30 | Total knee arthroplasty | 142 |
| N/S | |||||||||
*Major surgeries included orthopedic, gynecologic, urology, plastics, and general.
Late, >24 hours; n, number of patients; N/S, not specified.