CPSP group | Non-CPSP group | P value*† | |
Sample size, n | 558 | 2642 | |
Demographic characteristics | |||
Age, years | 64 (58–70) | 64 (56–71) | 0.82 |
Sex | 0.09 | ||
Male | 295 (52.9) | 1503 (56.9) | |
Female | 263 (47.1) | 1139 (43.1) | |
Body mass index, kg/m² | 23.7 (21.9–25.8) | 23.6 (21.6–25.6) | 0.32 |
Current smoker | 151 (27.1) | 761 (28.8) | 0.44 |
Background medical status | |||
ASA class I/II/III | 160 (28.7)/364 (65.2)/34 (6.1) | 752 (28.5)/1749 (66.2)/141 (5.3) | 0.76 |
Diabetes mellitus | 82 (14.7) | 375 (14.2) | 0.81 |
History of tuberculosis | 45 (8.1) | 202 (7.6) | 0.80 |
Preoperative analgesic use | 24 (4.3) | 110 (4.2) | 0.98 |
Preoperative strong opioid use‡ | 0 (0) | 6 (0.2) | 0.56 |
Preoperative antipsychotics use | 8 (1.4) | 49 (1.9) | 0.61 |
Preoperative chemotherapy | 19 (3.4) | 84 (3.2) | 0.89 |
Postoperative chemotherapy | 196 (35.1) | 667 (25.2) | <0.001 |
Preoperative radiation therapy | 12 (2.2) | 60 (2.3) | 0.99 |
Postoperative radiation therapy | 85 (15.2) | 276 (10.4) | <0.01 |
Previous other surgeries | 358 (64.2) | 1678 (63.5) | 0.81 |
Surgical characteristics | |||
Operation year, n | <0.01 | ||
2007/2008/2009/2010/2011/2012/ 2013/2014/2015/2016 | 45/33/24/38/71/66/66/ 78/75/62 | 122/119/141/147/ 268/331/319/364/ 394/437 | |
Operative technique | <0.001 | ||
Thoracotomy | 193 (34.6) | 611 (23.1) | |
VATS | 365 (65.4) | 2031 (76.9) | |
Operation type | 0.03 | ||
Pneumonectomy | 16 (2.9) | 54 (2.0) | |
Lobectomy | 471 (84.4) | 2117 (80.1) | |
Segmentectomy | 28 (5.0) | 213 (8.1) | |
Wedge resection | 39 (7.0) | 244 (9.2) | |
Biopsy | 3 (0.5) | 13 (0.5) | |
Explorative surgery | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0) | |
Operation time, min | 160 (130–215) | 147 (120–190) | <0.001 |
Type of anesthesia | 0.02 | ||
Inhalation agent | 187 (33.5) | 748 (28.3) | |
TIVA | 371 (66.5) | 1894 (71.7) | |
Type of PCA | 0.15 | ||
Intravenous PCA | 426 (76.3) | 2065 (78.2) | |
Epidural PCA | 129 (23.1) | 551 (20.9) | |
Paravertebral PCA | 3 (0.5) | 9 (0.3) | |
None | 0 (0.0) | 17 (0.6) | |
Other analgesic techniques | 0.04 | ||
Intercostal nerve blockade | 81 (14.5) | 493 (18.7) | |
Percutaneous wound injection | 62 (11.1) | 241 (9.1) | |
Maximal NRS score during POD 2, 0–10 | 7 (5–8) | 7 (5–8) | 0.02 |
NRS score at first outpatient visit after surgery, 0–10 | 3 (3–5) | 2 (0–3) | <0.001 |
The values are presented as median (IQR) or number (%).
*P value compares CPSP group versus non-CPSP group.
†Continuous variables were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Proportions were compared using χ2 or Fisher’s exact test according to their expected counts.
‡Morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and transdermal fentanyl patch.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification; CPSP, chronic postsurgical pain; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; PCA, patient-controlled analgesia; POD, postoperative day; TIVA, total intravenous anesthesia; VATS, video-assisted thoracic surgery.