β | 95% CI | P value | |
Neuropathic Pain Scale* | |||
Pain intensity | |||
Intercept | 3.37 | 2.92 to 3.81 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | −0.04 | −0.06 to −0.03 | <0.001 |
Regional anesthesia | −0.23 | −0.66 to 0.20 | 0.297 |
Overall pain quality | |||
Intercept | 2.78 | 0.00 to 2.36 | 0.207 |
Month since initial injury | −0.20 | 0.00 to −0.25 | 0.157 |
Regional anesthesia | −0.12 | 0.56 to −0.51 | 0.277 |
Total pain score | |||
Intercept | 2.55 | 2.22 to 2.88 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | −0.03 | −0.04 to −0.02 | <0.001 |
Regional anesthesia | −0.04 | −0.36 to 0.28 | 0.810 |
Treatment Outcomes of Pain Survey† | |||
Fear avoidance | |||
Intercept | 49.83 | 44.18 to 55.49 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | −0.58 | −0.78 to −0.38 | <0.001 |
Regional anesthesia | 1.73 | −3.62 to 7.09 | 0.525 |
Healthcare satisfaction | |||
Intercept | 61.59 | 56.77 to 66.40 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | −0.34 | −0.55 to −0.14 | 0.001 |
Regional anesthesia | 3.83 | −0.70 to 8.35 | 0.097 |
Life control | |||
Intercept | 75.43 | 70.05 to 80.81 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | −0.06 | −0.27 to 0.16 | 0.604 |
Regional anesthesia | 4.12 | −0.91 to 9.15 | 0.108 |
Objective family social disability | |||
Intercept | 48.26 | 42.63 to 53.89 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | −0.20 | −0.42 to 0.02 | 0.075 |
Regional anesthesia | −1.20 | −6.54 to 4.14 | 0.659 |
Patient satisfaction with outcomes | |||
Intercept | 64.45 | 59.70 to 69.19 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | 0.18 | −0.01 to 0.36 | 0.065 |
Regional anesthesia | 2.36 | −2.13 to 6.85 | 0.301 |
Pain symptom | |||
Intercept | 40.18 | 35.02 to 45.34 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | −0.35 | −0.53 to −0.17 | <0.001 |
Regional anesthesia | −1.45 | −6.34 to 3.44 | 0.560 |
Solicitous response | |||
Intercept | 55.32 | 47.45 to 63.19 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | −1.12 | −1.45 to −0.80 | <0.001 |
Regional anesthesia | 3.22 | −4.13 to 10.58 | 0.389 |
Mental component summary‡ | |||
Intercept | 54.95 | 52.30 to 57.59 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | −0.26 | −0.36 to −0.17 | <0.001 |
Regional anesthesia | 0.73 | −1.75 to 3.21 | 0.564 |
Physical component summary‡ | |||
Intercept | 38.36 | 35.78 to 40.94 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | 0.52 | 0.43 to 0.61 | <0.001 |
Regional anesthesia | −0.07 | −2.51 to 2.36 | 0.954 |
Patient Health Questionnaire 9-Item§ | |||
Intercept | 4.32 | 3.40 to 5.25 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | 0.00 | −0.03 to 0.04 | 0.997 |
Regional anesthesia | 0.40 | −0.47 to 1.26 | 0.364 |
PTSD Check List (continuous)¶ | |||
Intercept | 28.39 | 25.71 to 31.07 | <0.001 |
Month since initial injury | 0.07 | −0.02 to 0.16 | 0.126 |
Regional anesthesia | 0.35 | −2.19 to 2.89 | 0.788 |
All models included a covariate for ISS and length of hospitalization. See online supplementary table for more detail.
*Neuropathic Pain Scale outcomes measure sensations of neuropathic pain from 0, no pain, to 10, the wrost pain imaginable.
†Treatment Outcomes of Pain Survey outcomes fear avoidance, objective family social disability, pain symptom, and solicitous response are measured from 100, the greatest possible amount of that concept (worst score), to 0, none of that concept (best score). For outcomes of patient satisfaction with care, patient satisfaction with outcomes, and life control, a score of 100 indicates the best health or greatest satisfaction (best score) and 0 indicates worst health or worst satisfaction (worst score).
‡Embedded in the Treatment Outcomes of Pain Survey for this study, the Short Form Health Survey 36-Item component summary scores are aggregates of individual domains measured from 1, poor health, to 5, very good health that have been transformed to weighted z-scores, multiplied by 10 and added to 50 to linearly transform the summary scores on the T-score metric, which has a mean of 50 and a SD of 10 for the US general population. Higher T-scores indicate a positive improvement in a domain.
§Patient Health Questionnaire scores are a sum of the nine depression-specific questions scores from 0, no depressive symptoms at all, to 3, with depressive symptoms experienced nearly every day, allowing for scores to range from 0 to 27.
¶PTSD Check List measures the frequency of 17 symptoms of PTSD in the past month on a scale of 1, not at all, to 5, extremely, for a summary score ranging from 17 to 85. Previously, a score of 30 has been suggested as a cut-point for estimating PTSD in active duty military personnel serving in OEF/OIF (https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/documents/PCL_handoutDSM4.pdf).
**Non-linear mixed effects model fit.
95% CI, 95% CI of fixed effect beta coefficient; ISS, Injury Severity Scores; OEF, Operation Enduring Freedom; OIF, Operation Iraqi Freedom; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.