Demographic data and surgical characteristics
| Group R | Group RS | Group RM | Group RSM | |
| Age (years) | 53.3±7.8 | 54.5±9.3 | 53.9±6.7 | 55.6±10.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6±2.0 | 22.8±2.5 | 22.1±2.4 | 23.5±2.1 |
| Gender (F/M) | 9/11 | 12/8 | 13/7 | 14/6 |
| Duration of surgery (min) | 132.4±51.9 | 126.7±19.4 | 119.6±49.7 | 136.4±29.7 |
| Extubation time (min) | 19.5±11.2 | 22.2±6.3 | 25.8±9.5 | 23.7±10.1 |
Data are expressed as means±SD or numbers. There were no significant differences between groups.
BMI, body mass index; F, female; M, male; R, ropivacaine; RM, ropivacaine+dexmedetomidine; RS, ropivacaine+dexamethasone; RSM, ropivacaine+dexamethasone+dexmedetomidine.