TY - JOUR T1 - Upper Extremity Regional Anesthesia: Essentials of Our Current Understanding, 2008 JF - Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine JO - Reg Anesth Pain Med SP - 134-170 LP - 134-170 DO - 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31819624eb VL - 34 IS - 2 AU - Joseph M. Neal AU - J.C. Gerancher AU - James R. Hebl AU - Brian M. Ilfeld AU - Colin J.L. McCartney AU - Carlo D. Franco AU - Quinn H. Hogan Y1 - 2009/02/01 UR - http://rapm.bmj.com/content/34/2/134-170.abstract N2 - Brachial plexus blockade is the cornerstone of the peripheral nerve regional anesthesia practice of most anesthesiologists. As part of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine's commitment to providing intensive evidence-based education related to regional anesthesia and analgesia, this article is a complete update of our 2002 comprehensive review of upper extremity anesthesia. The text of the review focuses on (1) pertinent anatomy, (2) approaches to the brachial plexus and techniques that optimize block quality, (4) local anesthetic and adjuvant pharmacology, (5) complications, (6) perioperative issues, and (6) challenges for future research. ER -