Footnotes

• JSM and BRB-J are joint first authors.

• Twitter @Jayson_Marwaha, @MarkBicket

• JSM and BRB-J contributed equally.

• Contributors All authors contributed substantially to the conceptualization, drafting, review, and final approval of the manuscript.

• Funding GAB, JSM, and BRB-J are supported by grants from the CRICO/Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions and a Blavatnik Biomedical Accelerator Pilot Grant of Harvard University. JSM and BRB-J are supported by a grant from the US National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health (T15LM007092) and the Biomedical Informatics and Data Science Research Training (BIRT) Program of Harvard University. MCB reports funding from Michigan Department of Health and Human Services/Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the NIH.

• Competing interests MCB reports Axial Healthcare and Alosa Health, both past relationships outside the scope of this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.