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Original Article
Sympathetic blocks for complex regional pain syndrome: a survey of pain physicians
  1. Xiaoying Zhu1,
  2. Lynn R Kohan2,
  3. Joshua D Morris3 and
  4. Robin J Hamill-Ruth4
  1. 1 Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
  2. 2 Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
  3. 3 Anesthesiology, Schneck Medical Center, Seymour, Indiana, USA
  4. 4 Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
  1. Correspondence to Dr Xiaoying Zhu, Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; xz6b{at}virginia.edu

Abstract

Background Sympathetic blocks (SB) are commonly used to treat pain from complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). However, there are currently no guidelines to assist pain physicians in determining the best practices when using and performing these procedures.

Methods A 32-question survey was developed on how SBs are used and performed to treat CRPS. The survey was conducted online via SurveyMonkey. The responses were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, and comparing academic versus non-academic, and fellowship versus non-fellowship-trained physicians.

Results A total of 248 pain physicians responded with a response rate of 37%. Forty-four percent of respondents schedule the first SB at the first clinic visit; 73% perform one to three consecutive blocks; over 50% will repeat the block if a patient receives at least 50% pain relief from the previous one lasting 1–7 days.

Fifty-four percent of respondents perform stellate ganglion blocks (SGB) at the C6 vertebral level, 41% at C7; 53% perform lumbar sympathetic blocks (LSB) at L3 level, 39% at L2; 50% use fluoroscopy to guide SGB, 47% use ultrasound. More respondents from academic than non-academic centers use ultrasound for SGB. About 75% of respondents use a total volume of 5–10 mL for SGB and 10–20 mL for LSB. The most commonly used local anesthetic is 0.25% bupivacaine. About 50% of respondents add other medications, mostly steroids, for these blocks.

Conclusion Our study showed a wide variation in current practice among pain physicians in treating CRPS with SBs. There is a clear need for evidence-based guidelines on when and how to perform SBs for CRPS.

  • sympathetic block
  • stellate ganglion block
  • lumbar sympathetic block
  • complex regional pain syndrome
  • survey

https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2019-100418

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    Footnotes

    • Presented at This work was presented at the 17th Annual Pain Medicine Meeting of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine in San Antonio, Texas, 15-17 November 2018.

    • Contributors All authors contributed to the study. XZ: formed the idea of the study, designed and drafted the questionnaire, coordinated the distribution of the survey, analyzed and interpreted the data, wrote and revised the manuscript. LRK: helped designing and revising the questionnaire, coordinating the distribution of the survey and revising the manuscript. JDM: helped designing and revising the questionnaire, building the survey into SurveyMonkey. RJHR: helped designing and revising the questionnaire, coordinating the distribution of the survey.

    • Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Patient consent for publication Not required.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data availability statement All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.