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REVIEW ARTICLE
Needle to Nerve Proximity: What Do the Animal Studies Tell Us?
  1. Alan James Robert Macfarlane, MBChB, MRCP, FRCA*,
  2. Anuj Bhatia, MBBS, MD, FRCA† and
  3. Richard Brull, MD, FRCPC†
  1. From the *Departments of Anaesthesia, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Scotland, United Kingdom; and
  2. †Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  1. Address correspondence to: Richard Brull, MD, FRCPC, Toronto Western Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8 (e-mail: richard.brull{at}uhn.on.ca).

Abstract

Recent animal studies have provided insight and understanding, as well as promising clinical tools, to help identify needle-to-nerve contact and potentially hazardous intraneural injection. This narrative review describes and summarizes the contemporary animal studies primarily relating to indicators of needle-to-nerve contact and intraneural injection. Resultant nerve injury, whenever sought, is discussed.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AAP.0b013e318217a9ed

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    Footnotes

    • The authors did not receive funding for this study.

    • The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.